Ũhoro wa tene wa rureti
Ũhoro wa tene wa rureti ũgeraga harĩ kĩgeranio kĩa sayansi kĩrĩa kĩremirwo, nyũmba ya mathako kũu Paris, ariũ a nyina eerĩ itũũra-inĩ rĩa maaĩ ma ũgima kũu Ujerumani, na kasino ĩrĩa yatũmire kanyũmba kamwe ka rangi wa matu gatuĩke watho wa Rũraya.
Mbere ya gĩthiũrũrũki
- 1654
Pascal na Fermat: kĩũria kĩa kũgayana mbeca cia mũthako ũtarĩkĩtie; thogora ũrĩa wetagĩrĩrwo.
Thogora ũrĩa wetagĩrĩrwo rureti-inĩ - 1655Gĩthiũrũrũki gĩtarĩ na wĩra
Blaise Pascal, akĩgerageria gũthondeka mũtambo ũthiaga tene na tene ũtegũthira hinya, nĩathondekire gĩthiũrũrũki kĩrĩa kĩathiũrũrũkaga kĩrĩ kĩiganĩru wega. Mũtambo ũcio ndwahotekire; gĩthiũrũrũki gĩgĩtigara kĩrĩ kĩndũ gĩtarĩ na mũhũrano mũingĩ, na kĩoneka ta gĩa mweke.
Blaise Pascal: rũgano rwa gĩthiũrũrũki kĩa rureti - 1657
Huygens nĩ arumburire ibuku rĩa mbere rĩa ũhoro wa ũrĩa wetagĩrĩrwo.
- 1713
Jakob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi: watho wa namba nyingĩ.
Gũkuhĩrĩria ihinda-inĩ iraya: watho wa namba nyingĩ rureti-inĩ - Mĩaka ya 1740Roly-poly na E.O.
Nyũmba cia mathako cia Ngeretha nĩ ciathiũrũrũkagia ithiũrũrũki irĩ na tũnyũmba twa namba igayanĩka na itagayanĩka na igĩrĩ. Mathako macio nĩ maagiririo maita maingĩ, na ũndũ ũcio ũgĩtũma mĩthemba yamo ĩthiĩ Rũraya.
Nũũ wambĩrĩirie rureti? Kĩambĩrĩria kĩa rureti - 1754
d’Alembert nĩ arumburire ihĩtia rĩrĩa thutha-inĩ rĩatuĩkire mũtaratara ũrĩ na rĩĩtwa rĩake.
Mũbango wa D'Alembert - 1758
New France (Quebec) nĩ ĩgiririe ihumo, hoca, faro na “roulette”: ũmwe wa maandĩko ma tene mũno marĩa monanagia rĩĩtwa rĩu rĩrĩ rĩa mũthako wa beti.
- Mĩaka ya 1760
“Martingale” nĩ ĩtonyire ibuku-inĩ cia ciugo cia Kĩbaranja ĩrĩ kiugo kĩa athaki a beti.
Mũbango wa Martingale
Mũthako
- 1796Paris, Palais-Royal
Ibuku rĩa ng'ano rĩa Jaques Lablée rĩtagwo La Roulette nĩrĩtaarĩirie gĩthiũrũrũki kĩrĩ na tũnyũmba twĩrĩ twa kasino, 0 na 00, nyũmba-inĩ ya mathako thĩinĩ wa Palais-Royal. Ũyũ nĩguo ũtaarĩrio mũiganu wa tene mũno wa mũthako ũyũ wa ũmũthĩ.
Rureti mabuku-inĩ - Mĩaka ya 1800
Ithiũrũrũki cia Amerika nĩ cionganĩirie kanyũmba ka nderi: namba ithatũ cia kasino.
Gĩthiũrũrũki na mawatho ma rureti ya Amerika - 1837
Ũbaranja nĩ ũgiririe kasino; mũthako ũgĩthiĩ ndũũrĩrĩ-inĩ cia maaĩ ma ũgima cia Ujerumani.
- 1841
Ariũ a nyina Blanc nĩ maagũrire rũtha rwa kasino ya Bad Homburg.
François Blanc - 1843Bad Homburg
François na Louis Blanc nĩmahingũrire kasino itũũra-inĩ rĩu rĩa maaĩ ma ũgima kũu Ujerumani na makĩruta thero igĩrĩ. Gĩthiũrũrũki kĩa thero ĩmwe nĩkĩnyihagia uumithio wa kasino nuthu na gĩkĩguucĩrĩria athaki kuuma kũrĩ kasino iria ingĩ.
Bad Homburg na kasino cia matũũra ma kũhonia - 1863Monte Carlo
Rĩrĩa mathako ma beti maagiririo Ujerumani guothe, Blanc nĩoire kasino ĩrĩa yanogete kũu Monaco. Monte Carlo ĩgĩtuĩka kĩonereria kĩa rureti ya Rũraya; thero ĩmwe ĩgĩtuĩka watho wayo.
Rureti ya Monte Carlo - 1866
Dostoevsky, The Gambler.
Roulettenburg ya Dostoevsky - 1868
Njĩra ya mũcinga kuuma Nice nginya Monte Carlo.
Kasino ya Monte-Carlo - 1869
Monaco nĩ ĩnininie igooti rĩa mũcaara.
- 1872
Prussia nĩ ĩhingire kasino cia Ujerumani.
Athaki na ibuuro
- Mĩaka ya 1870
Labouchère nĩ amenyithirie mũtaratara wa kũhuria namba London.
Mũbango wa Labouchère - hakuhĩ 1880Gĩthiũrũrũki kĩa Jagger
Joseph Jagger, mwonjoria wa nguo kuuma Yorkshire, nĩaandĩkithirie mĩico ya ithiũrũrũki cia Monte Carlo na akĩbeti namba iria ciokaga maita maingĩ makĩria. Nĩahootire mbeca nyingĩ mũno; kasino ĩkĩhũthũkia ithiũrũrũki ciayo, thutha ũcio ĩgĩcigarũra.
Joseph Jagger: mũbango wa rureti Monte Carlo - 1891Mũndũ ũrĩa wathiririe mbeca cia metha
Charles Wells nĩathiririe metha cipu maita maingĩ thĩinĩ wa mĩthenya mĩnini, na ũndũ ũcio ũgĩtũma rwĩmbo rwa music-hall rũthondekwo. Ũthuthuria ndwonire mũtaratara o na ũmwe, no mweke mwega tu na, thutha ũcio, ũhenia kũndũ kũngĩ.
Mũndũ ũrĩa wathiririe mbeca cia metha - 1900
Pearson nĩ arumburire kĩgeranio kĩa chi-square na mĩico ya mĩthiũrũrũko ya Monte Carlo.
Kĩgeranio kĩa chi-square - 1907
Ũbaranja nĩ wetĩkĩririe kasino rĩngĩ matũũra-inĩ ma maaĩ ma ũgima na ma hũgũrũrũ-inĩ cia iria.
- 1913
Namba njirũ 26 ĩmwe thutha wa ĩrĩa ĩngĩ Monte Carlo.
Ihĩtia rĩa mũthaki wa beti - 1931
Nevada nĩ ĩtĩkĩrire beti cia kasino na watho.
Ithiũrũrũki cia rureti cia Las Vegas - Mĩaka ya 1940
Ulam na von Neumann nĩ maaheire njĩra ya Monte Carlo rĩĩtwa.
- 1953
Fleming, Casino Royale: Bond nĩ abetaga dazeni igĩrĩ rureti-inĩ.
Mũbango wa James Bond - 1961
Thorp na Shannon nĩ maakire kombiuta ya mbere ya kwĩhumba ya rureti.
Kombiuta cia rureti - 1965
Dubins na Savage nĩ moonanirie atĩ mũthako wa ũcamba nĩguo mwega mũno mĩthako-inĩ ĩtarĩ ya kĩhooto.
- 1969
Ũthuthuria wa Thorp nĩ ũtaarĩirie nĩ kĩĩ gũtarĩ mũtaratara wa beti ũngĩhoota mũthako ũrĩ na thogora ũrĩa wetagĩrĩrwo ũrĩ thĩ ya thero.
Ng'ano: mũbango wa rureti ũhootaga hĩndĩ ciothe - 1977–81
Kombiuta iria Eudaemons maahithĩte Nevada: rungu rwa guoko 1978, kĩratũ-inĩ 1981.
Eudaemons - 1985
Nevada nĩ ĩtuire indo cia kũratha mĩico ũhĩtia wa watho. Bass nĩ arumburire The Eudaemonic Pie.
Ũhenia rureti-inĩ
Mũthako wa ũmũthĩ
- Karine ka 20Kuuma matũũra ma maaĩ ma ũgima nginya thikirini
Rureti nĩyathiire Las Vegas na thero igĩrĩ ĩgĩcookio, thutha ũcio ĩgĩthiĩ metha cia RNG cia Intanetĩ mĩaka-inĩ ya 1990 na ithiũrũrũki cia studio cia rĩu-rĩu mĩaka-inĩ ya 2000.
Rureti ya Rũraya na rureti ya Amerika - Mĩaka ya 1990
Nyũmba ya García-Pelayo nĩ ĩhũthĩrire ithiũrũrũki irĩ na ũrũmbĩrĩri hakuhĩ na Madrid; makĩgirio; igooti rĩkĩniina mũgiro ũcio (2004).
Gonzalo García-Pelayo: mũtaratara wa rureti - 1996
Kasino cia mbere cia Intanetĩ irĩ na rureti ya RNG.
Rureti ya rĩu-rĩu na rureti ya RNG - 2003–06
Rureti ya mũgai wa rĩu-rĩu ĩkĩonagwo kuuma studio; Riga na Malta igĩtuĩka itũũra nene cia ũhoro ũyũ.
Ũrĩa rureti ya rĩu-rĩu ĩrutaga wĩra - 2004
Gĩkundi kĩa Ritz nĩ kĩahootire £1.3m na ũndũ wa kũratha mũbira; laser ĩrĩa yaaririo ndĩrĩ yonekire; gũtirĩ mũndũ wacirithirio.
Mũthako wa gũcaria uumithio rureti-inĩ - 2005
Watho wa Beti wa Ngeretha: rũtha rwa beti cia kũraya rwa mĩthemba yothe.
Rureti Ngeretha - 2012
Small na Tse nĩ maarumburire fisikia ya kũratha mĩico ya rureti.
Fisikia ya gĩthiũrũrũki kĩa rureti - 2013
New Jersey nĩ yambĩrĩirie kasino cia Intanetĩ irũmagĩrĩrio nĩ watho.
Rureti Amerika - 2016
Rureti ya thero ithatũ Las Vegas Strip.
Rureti ya thero ithatũ - 2018
Mũgiro wa thirikari ya US wa beti cia mĩthako nĩ waniinirwo; mabũrũri ma US makĩandĩka mawatho mao.
- 2021
Ujerumani na Netherlands nĩ ciaheanire rũtha rwa mĩthako ya kasino ya Intanetĩ.
Rureti Rũraya - 2026
Tovuti ĩno: mĩaka ĩyo yothe ĩrĩ igũrũ, na hithabu yayo.
Mũhari ũmwe ũrĩa ũrĩ na bata
Karine-inĩ igĩrĩ na nuthu, mweke wa rureti nĩ wagarũrũkire rĩmwe ũgĩteithia mũthaki (1843, thero ĩmwe ĩkĩrutwo) na maita meerĩ ũkĩmũũkĩrĩra (nderi mĩaka-inĩ ya 1800, thero ithatũ 2016). Maũndũ mangĩ mothe, mĩtaratara, kombiuta, studio, taa, nĩ maatigire hithabu o ta ũrĩa Lablée aamĩonire: 36/n − 1 harĩ gĩthiũrũrũki kĩrĩ na kanyũmba kamwe makĩria ya ũguo.
Ciũria
Wa Pascal. Ibuuro ciake cia magũrũ ma gũthiũrũrũka nĩ cia ma; ũhoro wa gũcigwatanĩria na rureti nĩ ng'ano ya tene.
Karine-inĩ ya 19; mũhari wa Rũraya ũrĩa ũhũthagĩrwo ũmũthĩ warĩ wa kawaida hĩndĩ ya Monte Carlo.
Hihi ũrĩ wa mawatho. Gĩthiũrũrũki nĩ kĩrĩkĩtie gũthondekwo.
Gĩa gũtheka
Karine igĩrĩ na nuthu, wega ũmwe, ũũru ũrĩ maita meerĩ, ng'ano nyingĩ.
Kũrĩa ũhoro uumĩte
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.